The Beginning of Our Universe, and the Relativity of Quantum occurrences

different Quantum Field Theories and inter-related issues are presented here, accompanied by associated questions, philosophical discussions, and insights. This article includes among others, discussion about the beginning of our universe, time-space observations, and the non-deterministic needs for actual experiments to prove theories in physics, specifically the possibility to ascertain the existence of an object in space without necessarily interacting with it. Part of the issues discussed here is more philosophical instead of in the vicinity of theoretical physics.

Background

Special relativity was introduced in 1905. It tells us how motion, time, and velocity are relative to the observer and they are not absolute. Also, we know that particles cannot go beyond the speed of light. General relativity, which was introduced in 1915, is about gravity and tells us how space-time is bent due to mass while affecting particle motion.

Quantum Physics explains the interaction between particles, which constitute the matter and their related forces, namely, it explains how everything works. Einstein was among the first physicists who described the evolution of ideas from early concepts to relativity and quanta [1] and the introduction of gravitational groups [2].

There are several quantum theories. Quantum Mechanics was developed in 1920 by Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, and others. It tells us, among others, how the position or momentum of a single or more particle changes over time.

There are three forces that matter interacts with: electromagnetism, which explains how atoms keep up together, the strong nuclear force, which explains the stability of the nucleus of the atom, and the ineffective nuclear force, which explains the radioactive decay of some atoms. These three theories were assembled under the umbrella called the Standard form of particle physics. The problem with this form was that it did not explain why matter has mass.

The existence of a particle that gives all other basic particles their mass, was expected by Quantum Field Theories (QFT) over five decades ago and proved recently (2012) by Higgs [3].

The Beginning

Almost everybody agrees that the universe had a definite starting point. Some physicists believe that the actual point or time of creation cannot be explained by the currently known laws of physics. We are aware of the existence of gravitational groups that are caused by movements of large masses. Those groups were expected by Einstein and they are included in his theory of general relativity.

13.8 billion years ago, the Big Bang occurred [4]. consequently, this is the distance that the observable universe may extend, which is 13.8 billion light-years. We may assume further that the space-time beyond that distance might be another universe and so there might be multi-universes or multiverse. We may argue about the Big Bang that generated our universe. What if there was more than one Big Bang? This assumption may rule to the existence of a multiverse.

A new era for the understanding of our universe may be started recently by the discovery of Higgs boson. A boson is a kind of subatomic particle that imparts a force. Peter Higgs tried to explain why certain particles have mass and others do not have mass and they float in the universe like photons of light. According to Einstein, E=mc^2 which method that energy and mass are equivalent to one another, that is mass m=E/c^2 consequently, if we add enough energy we may create mass. We have had endless debates about how the universe began and what was before that. My assumption based on many arguments is that the only way we do not violate any conservations laws is to assume that our universe was produced out of nothing. There might be another theory that supports the idea that theres no end or beginning to the creation of our universe.

Time, Space and Relativity

We use the information time directly and indirectly very often in our daily conversation and throughout our lifetime: time is money, time of life, time after time, between times, gain/loss of time, good/bad time, slow/fast time, right/wrong time, before/after time, present time, past time, real-time, on time, in no time, kill time, any time, every time, plenty of time, timeless, time limit, time cycle, time cures, and time flies…

Time is presented by artists in various ways, among them the famous melting clocks by Dali. We can discriminate between pure time, relative time, and absolute time. Time measurement is the unit of time to which all time measuring devices ultimately refer to. It is a point at or a period in which things happen, a repeated example of anything or a reference to repetition, the state of things at any period.

Space is that part of the boundless four-dimensional continuum in which matter is physically instead of temporally extended. Relativity recognizes the impossibility of calculating absolute motion and leads to the concept of a four-dimensional space-time continuum.
The special theory of relativity, which is limited to the description of events as they appear to observers in a state of uniform motion relative to one another are developed from two axioms: The law of natural occurrences is the same for all observers and the velocity of light is the same for all observers irrespective of their velocity. Space and time in the modern view are welded together in a four-dimensional space-time continuum.

There is no clear distinction between three-dimensional space and independent time. Time method different things to different observers. This may not agree with the axioms (on which the special relativity theory is based) described earlier, at the minimum not from a psycho-philosophical point of view.

These observers may include people (humans), animals, plants, clocks, and other beings outside our time universe. Time seems to be different for different people: age, education, origin, mental stage, and religion may all affect. Time appears slow when we are young and fast as we grow older. Time seems to be passing faster when we are enjoying ourselves or when we are busy, as opposed to when we are bored or idle. The description of time-related events in the history of humankind differs in different cultures.

Clocks and other similar instruments measure time and tend to be almost identical in terms of information about it. This is to be expected as we designed them all to measure time defined to be consistent within our universe. Time is continuous concerning our universe and within it, and it is relative to our observations. When we observe a moving object between two points we see it traveling all the distance between the two points, so we assume that this continuity of observation method that time is continuous. This may not be the case, however, if we perform our observation in another galaxy or in another size, where these rules are not necessarily valid. In the digital domain, as opposed to the analogue domain, we may observe the same continuity of moving objects. The time is digitized, however, and between two consecutive time points there is a gap of a certain fraction of a time unit, equivalent to the sampling resolution, where anything might happen.

For other creatures, these time gaps may represent their complete lifecycle, or we may be living within our time with another life form, whose time resolution fits with our dead times, which are our time gaps. Television is viewed as continuous moving pictures, while truly, it comprises discrete individual pictures, projected at thirty frames (or more) or pictures per second. Time can be measured, viewed, and evaluated. The observers tools for the evaluation of time are his/her senses. Unfortunately, senses can be fooled.

Strobe light projected onto a rotating disk will generate the illusion of a nevertheless disk. Are our other observations wrong or at the minimum inaccurate, then, particularly if we are a small subpart or subspace of a much larger and more complicate galaxy?

In the laboratory, we have successfully accelerated and slowed down certain processes, such as chemical or other natural processes. These experiments offered the possibility to control processes which were roles of time. Certain processes were successfully reversed to what they were before, suggesting pseudo going back in time, which is not going back in time, but it looks like it.
The introduction of computers generated a dramatical change in time-related processes and enabled not only the observation of past and present time-related occurrences but also predictive processes, which are future time-dependent scenarios. Time affects our complete lifecycle, our birth, our life, and death. Our heartbeats almost once every second and our inner biological clock function throughout our life. If we overturn this clock by flying to another time zone, our body suffers a occurrence known as jet lag and it takes some time to adapt to its new condition. Time affects most of the processes and occurrences on earth, some faster and some slower. If there are time-independent occurrences or a occurrence that until today has seemed to be unaffected by time, then these scenarios must be classified as past, present, and probable future [5].

As the observers time is limited, we are unable to analyze these timeless occurrences without using certain assumptions and predictions.

According to Einstein, time is more like a river, flowing around stars and galaxies, speeding up and slowing down as it passes enormous bodies. One second on the earth is not one second on Mars. All materials, including all known life forms and other mass owned celestial bodies, are time-dependent. In time we have the interval between past and future, while in space we may keep in the same place. Time has a sequential moment that follows one another, so it seems time is moving and moving in one direction [6].

Since the 1920s we know that energy isnt continuous and we are not made of particles but we are made of fields. The field is not allowed to stay nevertheless, according to the Heisenberg Uncertainty rule. One of the strange physical occurrences is the Quantum jump, which is a discrete or discontinuous change between quantum states. This happens when an electron in one energy level in an atom jumps immediately into another energy level. It is emitting or absorbing energy during this jump, which happens immediately without taking any time to do so [7].

Experiments are required for proving theories in Physics.

The need to prove theories by experiments in physics is obvious. Physics is an experimental science. Some would argue that theoretical physics is useless without experimental tests. Not everybody agrees to this deterministic statement.

The role of theoreticians is to propose several different scenarios, which are tested by certain experiments while applying a high level of logical and mathematical rigor. Linking theories to experiments is not an easy task and they require high logical accuracyn. Albert Einstein supported the use of thought experiments as a tool for proving the physical reality not necessarily using actual experiments, especially when it was technically difficult or already impossible. In general, we are not arguing for the need for an experiment to prove a theory; however, we do argue that the insignificant physical act of the experiment in certain situations may prove or disprove a physical theory, while the experiment itself may generate an uncertainty.

In addition to physics, the need to perform tests and experiments are typical needs in different scientific fields. In industries such as aviation, the need for non-destructive tests is obvious. The solutions are by applying complex laser technologies like Holography. In medicine, we perform the reconstruction of our inner organs or tumor by using Astro-Physics algorithms of filtering (Fourier) and back-projection like used in CT and MRI systems.

The greatest scientific discoveries were originated between the synapses of the scientists brain and not necessarily originated or proved by using an experiment. Some of them never proved in a lab and some of them until today was not proved, because of many reasons in addition to the technical inability or other obstacles.

During the last several decades, physicists argue that in spite of of the great progress in mathematics supporting theories, they nevertheless have limited connection to experimental testing. There are theoretical physicists who embrace this possibility of doing theoretical physics without the need for experimental verification.

Insisting on experiments only to prove a theory is not always required to ascertain the correctness of the related theory. The case of particle-wave duality may well demonstrate this claim.

As Einstein wrote: It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the occurrences of light, but together they do.

This claim of duality and other claims of theory verification problems are specifically required in theories where we need to ascertain the existence of an object in space without necessarily interacting with it.

We know that our QFT is not perfect and it may have many holes and non-deterministic or unproven theories. This fact has introduced a certain level of uncertainty, such as Heisenbergs uncertainty rule (1927), consequently, we cannot simultaneously measure the position and the velocity of an object.

Physicists and philosophers may have sharing characteristics and shared views of theories. Both may believe in theories that they cant prove. Some theoretical physicists may believe in their theories already when they dont have empirical or experimental proofs.

String theory links quantum mechanics with Einsteins theory of relativity. In general, the theory states that subatomic particles are very small one-dimensional strings, not zero-dimensional points and they are regularly moving or vibrating. However, currently, we cant test the validity of String theory, however most physicists believe its viable. Einstein never conducted a single experiment; all his theories were predictions, assumptions that years later some of them were proved by an actual experiment.

References

[1] Einstein, A., Infeld. L. (1938). The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta. Cambridge University Press. Quoted in Harrison, David (2002). Complementarity and the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. UPSCALE. Dept. of Physics, U. of Toronto.
[2] Einstein, A., & Rosen, N. On Gravitational groups, Journal of the Franklin Institute 223, 43 (1937).
[3] Ram, G. God produced the Particles and God produced Higgs, 2012
https://ezinearticles.com/?God-produced-The-Particles-And-God-produced-Higgs&id=7164754
[4] Ram, G., Genesis, Big-Bang, and Light-Year, 2015
https://ezinearticles.com/?Genesis,-Big-Bang-and-Light-Year&id=9120045
[5] Ram, G., Time, Space and Relativity, ISBN: 978-9659162314, 2012, pp. 24-30
[6] S. W. Hawking, The no border condition and the arrow of time, in Physical Origins of Time-Asymmetry, J. J. Halliwell, J. Perez- Mercader, and W. H. Zurek, eds. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994), p. 346.
[7] Schrodinger, E., Are there quantum jumps? The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, quantity III, Issue 11, November 1952, Pages 233-242, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/III.11.233